Diagnosis of malocclusion is based on a breakdown in relation to three planes.
Table of contents:
Transverse abnormalities - abnormalities in growth in width are considered to the median plane passing through the centre of the body.
Anterior-posterior defects - abnormalities in growth in length are considered in relation to the orbital plane passing through the Orbitals point (this is the point on the face lying at the intersection of the lines left from the centre of the pupils with the lower edges of the orbits) and being perpendicular to the horizontal plane.
Vertical defects - abnormalities in height are considered in relation to the horizontal plane.
Transverse abnormalities
Crossbite - some of the lower teeth overlap the upper teeth and there is a disruption of the medial line of the lower dental arch in relation to the upper. Facial features may include flattening of the upper lip or collapse of the cheek on the side of the defect.
Crossbite total- right or left, half of the lower arch from the medial incisor to the last molar overlaps half of the upper arch.
Crossbitepartial lateral- unilateral or bilateral, characterised by a reverse bite within the lateral teeth, manifested by narrowing of the upper dental arch or expansion of the lower dental arch.
Crossbite partial anterior- the lower front teeth overlap the upper front teeth, there is a disruption of the medial line.
Lateral displacement of the mandible - may be right or left, there is displacement of the lower lip and chin to the disturbed side.
Functional lateral mandibular displacement - if a functional test is performed, the test is positive, the mandible is displaced to the medial line of the body and there is an improvement in the facial features as well as the occlusal conditions.
Morphological lateral displacement of the mandible (laterogenia) - congenital defect caused by an abnormal structure of the mandibular body or branches or morphological changes in the temporomandibular joint, the functional test is negative.
Overbite - upper lateral teeth with their palatal surfaces in contact with the cheek surfaces of the lower teeth, this is due to the expansion of the maxillary dental arch or narrowing of the mandibular dental arch, the defect can occur left, right or both, in the facial features there is a noticeable disproportion in the width of the upper and lower face.
Anterior-posterior abnormalities
Ankylosis - characterised by a retraction of the lower or protrusion of the upper dental arch, an antero-posterior gap between the upper and lower incisors, a disordered arrangement of the lips in the facial features with a retraction or protrusion of the lower lip, and a deepened chin-lip furrow.
Partial backbite - lower incisors are retracted or tilted and Angle class I is present (this defines the correct position of the first upper and lower molars in relation to each other).
Complete over bite - there is inhibition of the anterior growth of the entire lower dental arch and Angle class II is present (the lower first molar is positioned proximally to the upper).
Pseudotrichosis - protrusion or protrusion of the upper dental arch, Angle class I is present.
Retrognathism - characterised by retraction or inhibition of the anterior growth of the mandible, there is a retraction of the chin in the facial features.
Functional ad iposity - retraction of a properly constructed mandible, Angle class II, when a functional test is performed, which involves moving the mandible forward, an improvement in facial features and bite conditions is noted.
Morphological retrognathia (retrogenia) - abnormal mandibular structure due to stunted growth of the mandible in length, here the functional test is negative.
Anterior bite - lower incisors and canines overlap upper incisors, protruded lower lip in facial features and smoothing of the labio-chin furrow.
Partial fore bite - protrusion or protrusion of the anterior segment of the lower dental arch, Angle class I is present.
Complete forebite - protrusion of the entire lower dental arch in relation to the upper, Angle class III (this indicates anterior positioning of the first lower molar in relation to the upper).
Pseudoglossus pseudoglossus - inhibition of the anterior growth of the jaw manifested by reverse overlap of the lower incisors over the upper incisors, Angle class I is present.
Ankylosis - protrusion of the mandible or excessive anterior growth of the mandible manifested in facial features by a forward protrusion of the chin.
Functional frontoparoxysm - protrusion of a properly constructed mandible in relation to the maxilla, Angle class III, functional test involving retraction of the mandible to the contact of the upper incisors with the lower incisors is positive.
Morphological foramen (prognathism) - excessive growth of the mandible in length results in a negative functional test.
Malocclusion, photo panthermedia
Vertical disorders
Open bite - characterised by a lack of vertical contact between the upper and lower dental arches, facial features may be normal or disturbed.
Partial anterior open bite - stunted vertical growth of the alveolar process of the maxilla or mandible in the anterior segment, facial features unaltered.
Partiallateral open bite - also growth inhibition of the alveolar process, only in the lateral segment, facial features also unchanged.
Complete open bite - abnormal structure of the mandible or maxilla or both at the same time causes the dental arches to make contact only on the last molars, facial features abnormal.
Deep b ite - excessive overlap of upper incisors over lower incisors, facial features may be disturbed or normal.
Partial deep bite (overbite) - due to excessive vertical growth of the maxillary alveolar process in the front, there is a deep overlap of the upper incisors with the lower ones.
Full bite - shortened alveolar processes in the lateral section cause a deep bite in the anterior section, the lower incisors bite on the mucous membrane of the palate, in the facial features there is a shortening of the maxillary section, the lower lip is protruded, the labial-chin furrow is deepened.
Secondary deep bite - is a defect acquired as a result of the loss of teeth in the lateral segment; it is characterised by a deep overlap of the upper incisors with the lower ones; in the facial features, the maxillary segment is shortened.