Blood clotting disorders are disorders of the homeostatic process that can affect almost any component of the blood. Haemorrhagic diathesis can be related to both blood element abundance and impairment of their function and some are based on disorders resulting from gene damage. Many of these conditions are hereditary, but they can also have an aetiology in external factors, that is, they can be acquired over the course of life.
The process of homeostasis is a key element in the proper functioning of the entire organism. In the context of the circulatory system, it takes on particular importance as it ensures the proper circulation of blood in the body. All the processes responsible for stopping bleeding from a damaged blood vessel, at the same time ensure the fluidity of the blood that circulates throughout the system. The process of homeostasis is extremely complex, involving all components of the circulatory system, i.e. blood vessels, platelet cells, plasma elements, clotting factors and clotting inhibitors of natural origin. [1]
Division of blood coagulation disorders
If one encounters a situation of prolonged, heavy bleeding without a clearly defined cause, one may suspect a haemorrhagic diathesis. In such a case, a division can be systematised into blemishes that arise as a result of problems in platelets, plasma factors or blood vessels. [2]
Platelet haemorrhagic diathesis
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia, in the context of platelet-related disorders, is one of the most commonly encountered haemorrhagic diathesis. The generators of this health problem are three processes, namely abnormal platelet production, excessive platelet destruction as well as uneven distribution. Thrombocytopenia can be the result of various pathogenesis and can therefore be encountered as early as the neonatal period, if there is a situation of transmission of factors responsible for platelet damage from the mother's body. Infection is another cause that may be responsible for a reduction in the number of platelets in the blood. Similarly, certain medications used during therapy may be responsible for the reduced state of this parameter. Another type of thrombocytopenia is symptomatic thrombocytopenia, which is information about an ongoing disease process within the haematopoietic system. In addition to the aforementioned, it should also be mentioned that the cause of the lowered platelet values may remain undetermined, in which case thrombocytopenia is referred to as spontaneous thrombocytopenia, and it is this type that is most common in children.
The course of the disease can be acute and manifest itself through petechiae or subcutaneous haemorrhages. Haemorrhages can affect all mucous membranes, but most commonly occur in the form of nosebleeds. Central nervous system bleeding is the most dangerous, but occurs in isolated cases. Haemorrhagic septicaemia usually diminishes after about 7, 14 days.
The blood count in this type of case shows a reduction in platelet levels with other parameters remaining normal. However, a necessary test to be performed is an aspiration biopsy to determine the presence of megakaryocytes responsible for the platelet abnormality.
Spontaneous recovery is observed in about 80% of cases, but in cases of significant thrombocytopaenia, adrenal steroids as well as intravenous administration of immunoglobulin or blood cell concentrates are used.
