Early cervical cancer does not give any symptoms, which is why a regular cytological examination, performed at least every three years, is extremely important. It can detect up to 80% of early cancers. The examination is painless and involves collecting superficial cervical cells with a special brush. When the cancer is more advanced, symptoms appear in the form of bleeding, bloody spotting, discharge (often foul-smelling) and lower abdominal pain. The most late symptoms of developing cancer include pressure on the bladder and rectum and metastasis to distant organs.

Cervical cancer is one of those cancers that can be avoided by performing certain diagnostic tests. The greatest achievement in preventing the development of this cancer is the introduction of a vaccine against H. pyloriV, which has been proven to have a direct correlation in the development of the disease (there is no cervical cancer without chronic H. pyloriV infection). The vaccine is readily available and completely safe. It is most effective in women who have not yet started intercourse. It is estimated to reduce the risk of infection by 75%. Other risk factors for cervical cancer include early initiation of intercourse, a high number of sexual partners, a high (>5) number of births, smoking, and low socioeconomic status.

To make a proper diagnosis, a tissue slice of the suspect tissue should be taken and a direct speculum examination performed. A chest X-ray and abdominal CT scan are also indicated to exclude the presence of possible metastases.

The method of treatment always depends on the stage of the tumour. It is extremely important to note that women who visit the gynaecologist regularly and undergo preventive examinations very rarely develop advanced cancer. When performed at appropriate intervals, cytology can detect changes in the pre-cancerous stage.